- we need to translate the theory into practical work
- jokes usually don't translate well
- While we agreed on the rest of the conversation, somehow sting ray did not translate literally between English and Spanish
- That lets one translate the radialvelocity periods and amplitudes into actual planetary masses - not just lower mass limits
- training doesn't always translate into winning
- this music will translate you into another world
- The only tricky part to the whole thing was how to translate the words while trying to keep the same logical structure and writing style
- these cuts translate into €20 per household
- Not only is he one of the best preachers in the world, he has the ability to translate his message into other mediums, including books, music, and drama
- Where possible without contortion, I have used gender-free language in translating these terms
- Relics were increasingly translated, or transported into, churches from sites of martyrdom, and as the basis for Christian burial ad sanctos
- First the DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase; then the messenger RNA is translated into protein by ribosomes
- Then I carefully opened the first envelope and extracted a piece of crinkled loose-leaf notebook paper, and had to smile at it as I began translating the misspelled words and tiny scribbles
- From what I can tell, somebody went through and very literally translated words from German to English for the North American release
- I put my ear to the door, expecting some foreign language from another planet, but to my surprise, my brain translated the words to me even though I had never heard them
- I could not help translating his words for my mother
- Sexual orientation is not translatable into the Inuktitut language
- Tyndale's English Bible was first and foremost an exercise in the translatability of the universal truths of the Gospel into the vernacular and idiom of English culture
- Worse still, the group's name translates literally as ‘the ball appreciation society’
- As a result, both angular and vertical accelerations experienced by the body were translated directly to the head
- On following the English text, I realised that the translator had translated word for word because she did not fully understand
- He was made bishop of Dunkeld in 1544 and three years later, after the murder of Cardinal Beaton, was translated to the archbishopric of St Andrews and primacy
- Fond d' Or literally translates as ‘Valley of Gold’ but don't get any ideas about digging for gold, there is no known history of such metals to be found
- Literally translated from Scottish dialect, the words auld lang syne mean old long since, or, in more familiar terms, days gone by
- From this he developed Ikenobo, the Japan's oldest school of Ikebana, literally translated as ‘The Way of the Flower’
- These juridical responsa are translated here for the first time into a European language, with introduction and annotation
- The Russian interpreter appeared to be having difficulty translating his master's words
Kamus Inggris - Indonesia:
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kata benda
Sinonim dari kata 'count':
accusation | Aehrenthal | af |
aggregate | Albrecht | Aleksandr |
Aleksandr Petrovich | Aleksandr Vasilyevich | Aleksey |
Aleksey Andreyevich | Aleksey Grigoryevich | Aleksey Konstantinovich |
Aleksey Nikolayevich | Alexander | Alfieri |
Alfred | Alfred Victor | Allen |
Aloys | Alphonse François | amount |
Andreyevich | Andrássy Gyula | Arakcheyev |
Archibald | arraignment | Arthur |
Attlee | Attlee of | August |
Axel | Baldwin$1$ | Balfour |
Basie | Basque | Benso |
Berchtold | Bernadotte | Bernadotte |
Bernhard | Bernstorff | Bertrand |
Beust | Breslin | Browder |
Bruno | Bud | Bulwer Lytton |
Burger | Cadogan | calculus |
Camillo | Camillo Benso | Caprivi |
Caprivi | Carlo | Carter |
Cavour | charge | Charles |
Charles$1$ | Charles Gravier | Ciano |
Clement | Conrad | Cortellazzo |
counted | counting | counts |
da | Dagsburg | de |
de | di | di |
Dino | Dodge | Don |
Donatien | Douglas | duke |
earl | earl | earls |
Eduard | Edward | Egisheim |
Emil | Ferdinand | figure |
Folke | Folke | Franz |
Friedrich | Friedrich Ferdinand | Galeazzo |
Gama | Georg | George |
Georg Leo | Gneisenau | Gobineau |
Grandi | Gravier | Grey |
Grigory | Grigoryevich | Grigory Grigoryevich |
Haig | Harold | Heinrich |
Helmuth | Hermann | Hermann Maurice |
Hines | Howe | Ignatyev |
impeachment | István | Izvolsky |
James | Jellicoe | Jimmy |
Johann | Johann Heinrich | Johann Tserclaes |
John | Jones | Joseph |
Joseph | Joseph Arthur | Karl |
Karl Bernhard | Kenneth | Konstantinovich |
Károlyi | L'Empire | Lagrange |
Leo | Leopold | Lev Nikolayevich |
Lexa | Loris Melikov | Louis |
Luchino Visconti | Mac | Magenta |
Mahon | Maurice | Mihály |
Mikhail | Mikhail Mikhaylovich | Mikhail Tariyelovich |
Mikhaylovich | Modrone | Moltke |
Montalembert | Mordano | Mountbatten |
Neidhardt | Nesselrode | Nikolay |
Nikolayevich | Nikolay Pavlovich | Orlov |
Oxenstierna | Pavlovich | Percival |
Petrovich | Powell | Provence |
Pál | Radetzky | Ray |
Richard | Richard Howe | Robert |
Robert Vasilyevich | Roon | Rushworth |
Russell | Russell | Sade |
Saxe | Saxe | Semyonovich |
Sergey | Sergey Semyonovich | Sergey Yulyevich |
Sforza | Speransky | Stanhope |
Stanislas Xavier | Stanley | sum |
Suvorov | Széchenyi | Taaffe |
tally | Tariyelovich | Teleki |
Theodor | Theodor Emil | Tilly |
Tisza | Tolstoy | Tolstoy |
Tserclaes | und | Uvarov |
Vasilyevich | Vergennes | Victor |
Vidigueira | Vigny | Vittorio |
von | von | von Hötzendorf |
von Wartenburg | Walthamstow | Warren |
Warren | Wartenburg | Wavell |
William | William | Wisborg |
Witte | Yorck | Yulyevich |
+1 | 1. counting, numbering; amount; European nobleman |
2. enumerate; take into account | |
3.baseball The number of called balls and strikes on a hitter. | |
4.bowling Number of pins knocked down on the first ball of each frame. | |
5. born September 27, 1854, Gross-Skal, Bohemia; died February 17, 1912, Vienna, Austria-Hungary; Austro-Hungarian diplomat. As foreign minister of Austria-Hungary (1906–12), he aggressively revived the empire's dormant foreign policy. His proclamation of the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908 provoked fears of war with Russia, inflamed Serbia's Austrophobe passions and drew international censure, leading to the Bosnian crisis. | |
6. born Dec. 10, 1891, London, Eng. died June 16, 1969, Slough, Buckinghamshire; British field marshal in World War II. In 1940 he helped direct the Dunkirk evacuation and was the last man to leave the beaches. Appointed British commander in chief in the Mediterranean theatre in 1942, he helped lead the North Africa Campaign against the Germans. He directed the invasions of Sicily and Italy, then became commander in chief of Allied forces in Italy. After the war, he served as governor-general of Canada (1946–52) and as Britain's minister of defense (1952–54). | |
7. born January 16, 1749, Asti, Piedmont; died October 8, 1803, Florence; Italian tragic poet and playwright. Through his lyrics and dramas he helped revive the national spirit of Italy. After a period of travel in which he experienced English political liberty and read the works of Montesquieu and other French writers, he left the military and began writing. His tragedies almost always present the struggle between a champion of liberty and a tyrant. Of the 19 tragedies that he approved for publication in an edition of 1787–89, the best are Filippo, Antigone, Oreste, Mirra and his masterpiece, Saul, often considered the most powerful drama in the Italian theatre. His autobiography (1804) is his chief prose work. | |
8. born March 3, 1823, Kassa, Hung., Austrian Empire; died February 18, 1890, Volosco, Istria, Austria-Hungary; Hungarian politician. A follower of Kossuth Lajos, Andrássy helped lead the unsuccessful revolt of 1848–49, then fled into exile until 1857. He supported the creation of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary and played a major role in negotiating the Compromise of 1867. He served as Hungary's first prime minister (1867–71) and later as foreign minister (1871–79), in which he helped strengthen Austria-Hungary's international position. Just before resigning, he signed the fateful Austro-German Alliance (1879) that linked those two powers until the end of World War I. | |
9. born October 4, 1769, Novgorod province, Russia; died May 3, 1834, Gruzino, Novgorod province; Russian soldier and statesman. Appointed inspector general of artillery in 1803, he reorganized that branch of the army, then served as minister of war (1808–10). In the Russo-Swedish War of 1808–09, he personally compelled the reluctant Russian forces to cross the frozen Gulf of Finland to attack the Åland Islands, which ultimately resulted in Sweden's cession of Finland to Russia. He was Alexander I's chief military adviser in the Napoleonic Wars. After the wars, he supervised the management of Russia's domestic matters with brutal and ruthless efficiency, which caused the period (1815–25) to be known as Arakcheyevshchina, but also took part in the emancipation of serfs in the Baltic provinces and created a system of military-agricultural colonies. | |
10. born October 4, 1769, Novgorod province, Russia; died May 3, 1834, Gruzino, Novgorod province; Russian soldier and statesman. Appointed inspector general of artillery in 1803, he reorganized that branch of the army, then served as minister of war (1808–10). In the Russo-Swedish War of 1808–09, he personally compelled the reluctant Russian forces to cross the frozen Gulf of Finland to attack the Åland Islands, which ultimately resulted in Sweden's cession of Finland to Russia. He was Alexander I's chief military adviser in the Napoleonic Wars. After the wars, he supervised the management of Russia's domestic matters with brutal and ruthless efficiency, which caused the period (1815–25) to be known as Arakcheyevshchina, but also took part in the emancipation of serfs in the Baltic provinces and created a system of military-agricultural colonies. | |
11. born January 3, 1883, Putney, London, Eng. died October 8, 1967, Westminster, London; British Labour Party leader (1935–55) and prime minister (1945–51). Committed to social reform, he lived for much of the years (1907–22) in a settlement house in London's impoverished East End. Elected to Parliament in 1922, he served in several Labour governments and in the wartime coalition government of Winston Churchill, whom he succeeded as prime minister in 1945. Attlee presided over the establishment of the welfare state in Britain, the nationalization of major British industries and the granting of independence to India, an important step in the conversion of the British Empire into the Commonwealth of Nations. He resigned when the Conservatives narrowly won the election in 1951. | |
12. born January 3, 1883, Putney, London, Eng. died October 8, 1967, Westminster, London; British Labour Party leader (1935–55) and prime minister (1945–51). Committed to social reform, he lived for much of the years (1907–22) in a settlement house in London's impoverished East End. Elected to Parliament in 1922, he served in several Labour governments and in the wartime coalition government of Winston Churchill, whom he succeeded as prime minister in 1945. Attlee presided over the establishment of the welfare state in Britain, the nationalization of major British industries and the granting of independence to India, an important step in the conversion of the British Empire into the Commonwealth of Nations. He resigned when the Conservatives narrowly won the election in 1951. | |
13. born August 3, 1867, Bewdley, Worcestershire, Eng. died Dec. 14, 1947, Astley Hall, near Stourport-on-Severn, Worcestershire; British politician. After managing his family's large industrial holdings, he became a Conservative member of the House of Commons (1908–37). He served as financial secretary of the treasury (1917–21) and president of the Board of Trade (1921–22), then was appointed prime minister (1923–24, 1924–29, 1935–37). He proclaimed a state of emergency in the general strike of 1926 and later secured passage of the antiunion Trade Disputes Act. As prime minister after 1935, he began to strengthen the British military while showing little public concern about the aggressive policies of Germany and Italy. He was criticized for not protesting the Italian conquest of Ethiopia. In 1936 he satisfied public opinion by procuring the abdication of Edward VIII, whose desire to marry divorcée Wallis Simpson, Baldwin believed, threatened the prestige of the monarchy. | |
14. born July 25, 1848, Whittinghame, East Lothian, Scot. died March 19, 1930, Woking, Surrey, Eng. British statesman. The nephew of the marquess of Salisbury, Balfour served in Parliament (1874–1911) and in his uncle's government as secretary for Ireland (1887–91). From 1891 he was the Conservative Party's leader in Parliament and succeeded his uncle as prime minister (1902–05). He helped form the Entente Cordiale (1904). His most famous action came in 1917 when, as foreign secretary (1916–19), he wrote the so-called Balfour Declaration, which expressed official British approval of Zionism. He served as lord president of the council (1919–22, 1925–29) and drafted the Balfour Report (1926), which defined relations between Britain and the dominions expressed in the Statute of Westminster. | |
15. orig. William Allen Basie; born August 21, 1904, Red Bank, N.J., United States died April 26, 1984, Hollywood, Fla. United States jazz pianist and bandleader. Basie was influenced by the Harlem pianists James P. Johnson and Fats Waller. In Kansas City in 1936 he formed his own band, which became known as the most refined exponent of swing. Its rhythm section was noted for its lightness, precision and relaxation; on this foundation, the brass and reed sections developed a vocabulary of riffs and motifs. Their hit recordings included 'One O'Clock Jump' and 'Jumpin' at the Woodside.' Basie's piano style became increasingly spare and economical. His soloists included singer Jimmy Rushing, trumpeters Buck Clayton and Harry ('Sweets') Edison and saxophonist Lester Young. Basie's reorganized band of the 1950s placed greater emphasis on ensemble work and developed a more powerful style built from the riffs and buoyant rhythm of the earlier group. The band achieved renewed popularity for recordings featuring vocalist Joe Williams. | |
16. born April 18, 1863, Vienna, Austria; died November 21, 1942, near Csepreg, Hung. Austro-Hungarian politician. One of the richest men in Austria-Hungary, he entered the diplomatic service in 1893 and became foreign minister in 1912. After the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand in 1914, Berchtold delivered an ultimatum to Serbia that led to the outbreak of World War I. He was forced to resign in 1915. | |
17. born January 2, 1895, Stockholm, Swed. died September 17, 1948, Jerusalem; Swedish soldier, humanitarian and diplomat. A nephew of King Gustav V, Bernadotte headed the Swedish Red Cross in World War II and was credited with saving some 20,000 concentration-camp inmates. In 1948 he was appointed mediator in Palestine by the UN Security Council and secured a cease-fire between Israel and the Arab states. He made enemies by proposing that Arab refugees be allowed to return to their homes in what had become Israel and was assassinated by Jewish extremists. | |
18. born January 2, 1895, Stockholm, Swed. died September 17, 1948, Jerusalem; Swedish soldier, humanitarian and diplomat. A nephew of King Gustav V, Bernadotte headed the Swedish Red Cross in World War II and was credited with saving some 20,000 concentration-camp inmates. In 1948 he was appointed mediator in Palestine by the UN Security Council and secured a cease-fire between Israel and the Arab states. He made enemies by proposing that Arab refugees be allowed to return to their homes in what had become Israel and was assassinated by Jewish extremists. | |
19. born November 14, 1862, London, Eng. died October 6, 1939, Geneva, Switz. German diplomat. After entering the diplomatic service (1899), he represented Germany in London and Cairo before serving as ambassador to the United States (1908–17). During World War I he worked to facilitate mediation of the conflict with Woodrow Wilson but did not receive the support he expected from authorities in Berlin. He served as chairman of the German League of Nations Union until 1933, when he went into exile in Geneva. | |
20. born January 13, 1809, Dresden, Saxony; died October 24, 1886, Schloss Altenberg, near Vienna, Austria-Hungary; German statesman. A career diplomat in Saxony from 1830, he served as its foreign minister (1849–53) and its interior minister (1853–66). Often opposed to Otto von Bismarck, Beust was forced to resign in 1866. Saxony's ally, the Habsburg emperor Francis Joseph, then appointed him Austrian minister for foreign affairs (1866) and imperial chancellor (1867–71). As chancellor, Beust negotiated the Compromise of 1867 and helped restore the Habsburgs' international position. He later served as ambassador to England (1871–78) and France (1878–82). | |
21. orig. James Earl Breslin; born October 17, 1929, Jamaica, New York, United States U.S. columnist and novelist. During his long newspaper career Breslin became known as a tough-talking voice of his native Queens, a working-class New York City borough. He started as a copyboy, then established himself as a sportswriter; later, as a syndicated columnist and contributor to numerous publications, he wrote with passion and personal involvement on politics and social issues, often focusing on injustice and corruption. He won a 1986 Pulitzer Prize for newspaper columns championing ordinary citizens. Among his books are the novel The Gang That Couldn't Shoot Straight (1969). | |
22. born May 20, 1891, Wichita, Kan., United States died June 27, 1973, Princeton, N.J. United States Communist Party leader (1930–44). He was imprisoned in 1919–20 for his opposition to United States participation in World War I. In 1921 he joined the United States Communist Party; he served as the party's general secretary from 1930 to 1944 and was its presidential candidate in 1936 and 1940. In 1944 he was removed from his position for declaring that capitalism and socialism could coexist and in 1946 he was expelled from the party. | |
23. born May 20, 1891, Wichita, Kan., United States died June 27, 1973, Princeton, N.J. United States Communist Party leader (1930–44). He was imprisoned in 1919–20 for his opposition to United States participation in World War I. In 1921 he joined the United States Communist Party; he served as the party's general secretary from 1930 to 1944 and was its presidential candidate in 1936 and 1940. In 1944 he was removed from his position for declaring that capitalism and socialism could coexist and in 1946 he was expelled from the party. | |
24. orig. Bruno, count von Egisheim und Dagsburg; born 1002, Egisheim, Alsace, Upper Lorraine; died April 19, 1054, Rome; feast day April 19; Pope (1049–54). He was consecrated bishop of Toul in 1027. He was named pope by Emperor Henry III but insisted on election by the clergy and people of Rome. His efforts to strengthen the papacy and eradicate clerical marriage and simony laid the foundation for the Gregorian reform movement. His assertion of papal primacy and his military campaign against the Normans in Sicily (1053) alienated the Eastern church. His representatives excommunicated the patriarch of Constantinople. Though Leo had already died, their act triggered the Schism of 1054. | |
25. later 1st Baron Lytton (of Knebworth); born May 25, 1803, London, Eng. died January 18, 1873, Torquay, Devonshire; British politician, novelist and poet. His first novel, Pelham, was published in 1828. He entered Parliament as a Liberal in 1831, retired in 1841 and returned in 1852 as a Tory. In the interim he wrote his long historical novels, including The Last Days of Pompeii, 3 vol. (1834) and Harold, the Last of the Saxon Kings (1848). He was created a peer in 1866. The opening to his 1830 novel Paul Clifford ('It was a dark and stormy night..') led to an annual Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Prize, in which entrants vie to create the most overwritten first sentence to a hypothetical novel. | |
26. born September 17, 1907, St. Paul, Minn., United States died June 25, 1995, Washington, D.C. United States jurist. He graduated with honours from St. Paul (now William Mitchell) College of Law in 1931, after which he joined a prominent law firm and became active in the Republican Party. He was appointed an assistant United States attorney general (1953) and named to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia (1955), where his conservative approach commended him to Pres. Richard Nixon, who nominated him for chief justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1969. Contrary to the expectations of some, he did not try to reverse the liberal decisions on civil-rights issues and criminal law made during the tenure of his predecessor, Earl Warren. Under his leadership, the court upheld the 1966 Miranda v. Arizona decision, permitted busing as a means of ending racial segregation in public schools and endorsed the use of racial quotas in the awarding of federal grants and contracts. Burger voted with the majority in Roe v. Wade (1973). Keenly interested in judicial administration, he became deeply involved in efforts to improve the judiciary's efficiency. He retired in 1986 and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1988. | |
27. born 1672, Liscarton, County Meath, Ire. died July 17, 1726, Kensington, near London, Eng. British soldier. He served as a trusted colleague with the duke of Marlborough in the War of the Spanish Succession. Later he became involved in intrigues to secure the succession for the Hanoverian George I (1714). He crushed a Jacobite rebellion in 1716, was granted an earldom in 1718 and was promoted to commander in chief in 1722. | |
28. born February 24, 1831, Berlin-Charlottenburg, Prussia; died February 6, 1899, near Crossen-an-der-Oder, Ger. German soldier and politician. A distinguished soldier, he served as chief of the admiralty (1883–88). He succeeded Otto von Bismarck as Germany's imperial chancellor (1890–94) and Prussian minister president (1890–92). His achievements included an Anglo-German agreement concerning spheres of influence in Africa, commercial treaties with Austria, Romania and other states and the reorganization of the German army. | |
29. born February 24, 1831, Berlin-Charlottenburg, Prussia; died February 6, 1899, near Crossen-an-der-Oder, Ger. German soldier and politician. A distinguished soldier, he served as chief of the admiralty (1883–88). He succeeded Otto von Bismarck as Germany's imperial chancellor (1890–94) and Prussian minister president (1890–92). His achievements included an Anglo-German agreement concerning spheres of influence in Africa, commercial treaties with Austria, Romania and other states and the reorganization of the German army. | |
30. orig. James Earl Carter; born October 1, 1924, Plains, Ga., United States 39th president of the United States (1977–81). He graduated from Annapolis and served in the United States Navy until 1953, when he left to manage the family peanut business. He served in the state senate from 1962 to 1966. He ran unsuccessfully for governor in 1966; depressed by this experience, he found solace in evangelical Christianity, becoming a born-again Baptist. In 1970 he ran again and won. As governor (1971–75), he opened Georgia's government offices to African Americans and women and introduced stricter budgeting procedures for state agencies. In 1976, though lacking a national political base or major backing, he won the Democratic nomination and the presidency, defeating the Republican incumbent, Gerald Ford. As president, Carter helped negotiate a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel, signed a treaty with Panama to make the Panama Canal a neutral zone after 1999 and established full diplomatic relations with China. In 1979–80 the Iran hostage crisis became a major political liability. He responded forcefully to the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, embargoing the shipment of United States grain to the Soviet Union and pressing for a United States boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. The poor state of the economy, which was plagued by high inflation and high unemployment, contributed to Carter's electoral defeat by Ronald Reagan in 1980. He subsequently became involved in numerous international diplomatic negotiations and helped to oversee elections in countries with insecure democratic traditions; he also became the first sitting or former American president to visit Fidel Castro's Cuba. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 2002. | |
31. born August 10, 1810, Turin, Piedmont, French Empire; died June 6, 1861, Turin, Italy; Italian statesman, leading figure of the Risorgimento. Influenced by revolutionary ideas from an early age, he traveled to Paris and London and in 1847 founded the liberal newspaper Il Risorgimento and he helped persuade Charles Albert to grant a liberal constitution. Elected to Parliament in 1848, Cavour held several cabinet posts before becoming prime minister of Piedmont (1852–59, 1860–61). His exploitation of international rivalries and of revolutionary movements brought about the unification of Italy under the house of Savoy, with himself as the first prime minister of the new kingdom (1861). | |
32. born March 18, 1903, Livorno, Italy; died January 11, 1944, Verona; Italian politician. He took part in the fascists' March on Rome and later entered the diplomatic corps. After marrying Benito Mussolini's daughter Edda in 1930, he became minister of foreign affairs (1936) and initiated the Rome-Berlin Axis that helped bring Italy into World War II. After several Axis defeats in 1942, he advocated a separate peace with the Allies. Mussolini dismissed his cabinet (1943), but Ciano and other leading fascists forced Mussolini's resignation. Later, on Mussolini's orders, Ciano was tried for treason and executed. | |
33. born November 11, 1852, Penzing, Austria; died August 25, 1925, Mergentheim, Ger. Austrian soldier. A career officer in the Austro-Hungarian army, he became chief of staff in 1906. A conservative propagandist for Austria-Hungary, he advocated preventive wars against Serbia and Italy, for which he was briefly dismissed in 1911. In World War I, he planned the successful Austro-German offensive of 1915, but he was later hampered by German domination and lack of military resources. He was dismissed when Charles I took command in 1916. | |
34. born September 4, 1805, Hartford, Conn., United States died February 9, 1883, New York, New York United States mining entrepreneur. He was a dry-goods merchant in Hartford, Conn., before founding the metal dealership Phelps, Dodge & Co. with his father-in-law, Anson G. Phelps, in 1833. They soon established a prosperous metal-importing business. Dodge made numerous other investments in timberland, mills and iron and copper mines. After purchasing the Copper Queen mine in Arizona in 1882, the company became a major United States mining concern. Further acquisitions and diversifications have made Phelps Dodge Corp. one of the world's largest copper producers. | |
35. orig. Don Luchino Visconti, count di Modrone; born November 2, 1906, Milan; died March 17, 1976, Rome; Italian film and theatre director. Born into the nobility, he became an assistant to Jean Renoir in 1935. He directed his first film, Ossessione (1942), in a style foreshadowing the Neorealism of Roberto Rossellini and Vittorio De Sica. His later films include the documentary-style drama La terra trema (1948), Senso (1954), Rocco and His Brothers (1960), The Leopard (1963, Golden Palm), The Damned (1969) and Death in Venice (1971). As a stage director, he introduced to Italy works by Jean Cocteau, Arthur Miller and Tennessee Williams and he staged operas starring Maria Callas that combined realism and spectacle. | |
36. orig. Donatien-Alphonse-François, count de Sade; born June 2, 1740, Paris, France; died Dec. 2, 1814, Charenton, near Paris; French novelist and philosopher. After abandoning a military career at the end of the Seven Years' War, he married and became involved in a life of debauchery and outrageous scandal with prostitutes and with local young people he abducted, for which he was repeatedly imprisoned, once narrowly escaping execution. Despite his noble birth, he supported the French Revolution, which he saw as representing political liberation on a level parallel to the sexual liberation he himself represented. He was twice sent to the insane asylum at Charenton (1789–90, 1801–14), where he would eventually die. He overcame boredom and anger in prison and the asylum by writing sexually graphic novels and plays. The 120 Days of Sodom (written 1785) was a tale of four libertines who kidnap victims for a nonstop orgy of perversion. In his most famous novel, Justine (1791), the heroine suffers because she fails to perceive that there is no moral God and that desire is the only reality. His other works include Philosophy in the Bedroom (1793) and Crimes of Passion (1800). His reputation and writings gave rise to the term sadism. | |
37. born 1460, Sines, Port. died Dec. 24, 1524, Cochin, India; Portuguese navigator. On his first voyage to India (1497–99), he traveled around the Cape of Good Hope with four ships, visiting trading cities in Mozambique and Kenya en route. Portugal's King Manuel I acted quickly to open trade routes with India, but a massacre of Portuguese in India caused him to dispatch a fleet of 20 ships in 1502, led by da Gama, to establish Portuguese supremacy in the region. Da Gama, then an admiral, forced allegiance along the way from local rulers and attacked Arab shipping. After various battles, he secured obedience to Portuguese rule and returned home. In 1524 he was appointed Portuguese viceroy in India but died shortly after arriving in Goa. His voyages to India opened the sea route from western Europe to the East. | |
38. born October 27, 1760, Schildau, near Torgau, Saxony; died August 23, 1831, Posen, Prussia; Prussian field marshal and military reformer. Along with Gerhard J.D. von Scharnhorst, he remolded the Prussian army shattered by Napoleon (1806) from a mercenary force into an instrument of modern warfare, introducing universal military service. In 1811–12 he traveled on secret missions to negotiate a new war against Napoleon, which was renewed in 1813. As chief of staff to Gebhard von Blücher, he planned Prussian and sometimes Russian, strategy. Gneisenau's insistence on the decisive battle and relentless pursuit proved successful at the Battle of Waterloo. | |
39. born July 14, 1816, Ville-d'Avray, France; died October 13, 1882, Turin, Italy; French diplomat and writer. While serving in the diplomatic service (1849–77), he wrote the Essay on the Inequality of Human Races (1853–55), which asserted the superiority of the white race over others and labeled the 'Aryans,' or Germanic peoples, as the summit of civilization. He claimed that white societies flourished as long as they remained free of 'black and yellow strains' and that dilution would lead to corruption. His theory of racial determinism in Essay influenced the racist policies of such figures as Robert F. Wagner, Houston Stewart Chamberlain and Adolf Hitler. | |
40. born June 4, 1895, Mordano, Italy; died May 21, 1988, Bologna; Italian politician. He made an unsuccessful bid for leadership of Italy's Fascists in 1921, losing to Benito Mussolini, but then held a succession of high government posts (1924–43), including foreign minister (1929–33). In July 1943, as chair of the Grand Council of Fascism, he attacked Mussolini and proposed a motion of no confidence; passage of the resolution deposed Mussolini. Grandi fled to Lisbon, then moved to Brazil, but eventually returned to Italy. | |
41. born March 13, 1764, Falloden, Northumberland, Eng. died July 17, 1845, Howick, Northumberland; British politician, leader of the Whig Party and prime minister (1830–34). Grey entered Parliament in 1786 and soon became prominent among the aristocratic Whigs, led by Charles James Fox, in opposition to William Pitt's conservative government. In 1806 Grey became first lord of the Admiralty in Lord Grenville's government, and, when Fox died the same year, Grey became foreign secretary and leader of the Foxite Whigs. In 1807 the dismissal of the ministry and the loss of his seat for Northumberland because of his Catholic sympathies left Grey with a distaste for office. From 1815 to 1830 he was more patron than leader of the divided Whig opposition. In 1830 he became prime minister with popular backing for parliamentary reform. After considerable debate and conflict, he won adoption of the Reform Bill of 1832. | |
42. born June 19, 1861, Edinburgh, Scot. died January 29, 1928, London, Eng. British general in World War I. A career army officer, he was promoted to general in 1914 and led British forces in northern France. In 1915 he succeeded John French as commander in chief of the British Expeditionary Force. Advocating a strategy of attrition, he was criticized for the enormous British losses at the Battles of the Somme (1916) and Ypres (1917). He was promoted to field marshal in 1916. In 1918 he secured the appointment of Ferdinand Foch as commander of the Allied forces; the two worked well together and after helping stop the last German offensive, Haig led the victorious Allied assault in August 1918. | |
43. born Dec. 28, 1905, Duquesne, Pa., United States died April 22, 1983, Oakland, Calif. United States pianist and bandleader who had a profound influence on the development of jazz piano. Known as 'Fatha' Hines, he was a pianist of amazing technical command and tireless energy. Breaking with the stride tradition (in which regular two-beat left-hand rhythms accompany the melody in the right hand), he emulated the single-note instruments (e.g., trumpet) in creating melodic variations of the melody with the right hand. Hines led a successful Chicago-based big band from 1928 to 1948. He was influenced by Louis Armstrong and the two performed together frequently throughout their careers; their recorded encounters from the late 1920s, particularly 'Weather Bird,' are jazz classics. | |
44. born Dec. 28, 1905, Duquesne, Pa., United States died April 22, 1983, Oakland, Calif. United States pianist and bandleader who had a profound influence on the development of jazz piano. Known as 'Fatha' Hines, he was a pianist of amazing technical command and tireless energy. Breaking with the stride tradition (in which regular two-beat left-hand rhythms accompany the melody in the right hand), he emulated the single-note instruments (e.g., trumpet) in creating melodic variations of the melody with the right hand. Hines led a successful Chicago-based big band from 1928 to 1948. He was influenced by Louis Armstrong and the two performed together frequently throughout their careers; their recorded encounters from the late 1920s, particularly 'Weather Bird,' are jazz classics. | |
45. born March 8, 1726, London, Eng. died August 5, 1799; English admiral who commanded the British fleet to victory in the Battle of the First of June (1794) in the French Revolutionary Wars. As vice admiral (from 1775), he commanded in North America (1776–78), defeating French attempts to take Newport, R.I. After returning to England, he commanded the Channel fleet against the French and Spaniards and served as first lord of the Admiralty (1783–88). In 1793 he again commanded the Channel fleet. His victory against the French on June 1, 1794, provided an example of tactical excellence for his successors, including Horatio Nelson. | |
46. born, January 29, 1832, St. Petersburg, Russia; died July 3, 1908, Krupodernitsy estate, Kiev province; Russian politician and diplomat under Tsar Alexander II. A career diplomat, he concluded a treaty with China in 1860 that allowed Russia to construct the city of Vladivostok and become a major power in the northern Pacific. Appointed head of the foreign ministry's Asian department, he gained jurisdiction over Russia's relations with the Ottoman Empire as well and in 1864 he became ambassador to Constantinople. An advocate of Pan-Slavism, he encouraged Serbia and Bulgaria in a revolt that proved unsuccessful. In 1878, after Russia's victory in the Russo-Turkish War, he negotiated the favourable Treaty of San Stefano. The western European powers replaced it with the Treaty of Berlin, far less favourable to Russia and he was forced to resign. | |
47. born, January 29, 1832, St. Petersburg, Russia; died July 3, 1908, Krupodernitsy estate, Kiev province; Russian politician and diplomat under Tsar Alexander II. A career diplomat, he concluded a treaty with China in 1860 that allowed Russia to construct the city of Vladivostok and become a major power in the northern Pacific. Appointed head of the foreign ministry's Asian department, he gained jurisdiction over Russia's relations with the Ottoman Empire as well and in 1864 he became ambassador to Constantinople. An advocate of Pan-Slavism, he encouraged Serbia and Bulgaria in a revolt that proved unsuccessful. In 1878, after Russia's victory in the Russo-Turkish War, he negotiated the favourable Treaty of San Stefano. The western European powers replaced it with the Treaty of Berlin, far less favourable to Russia and he was forced to resign. | |
48. born March 18, 1856, Moscow, Russia; died August 16, 1919, Paris, France; Russian diplomat. He became minister of foreign affairs in 1906. In 1908 he secured Austria's support for the right of Russian warships to use the Dardanelles strait in return for his reluctant support of Austria's annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. While Austria succeeded in its annexation, Russia failed to gain access to the Dardanelles; Izvolsky's responsibility for Russia's diplomatic defeat increased tensions with Austria-Hungary prior to World War I. Dismissed in 1910, he served as ambassador to France until 1917. | |
49. born March 18, 1856, Moscow, Russia; died August 16, 1919, Paris, France; Russian diplomat. He became minister of foreign affairs in 1906. In 1908 he secured Austria's support for the right of Russian warships to use the Dardanelles strait in return for his reluctant support of Austria's annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. While Austria succeeded in its annexation, Russia failed to gain access to the Dardanelles; Izvolsky's responsibility for Russia's diplomatic defeat increased tensions with Austria-Hungary prior to World War I. Dismissed in 1910, he served as ambassador to France until 1917. | |
50. born Dec. 5, 1859, Southampton, Hampshire, Eng. died November 20, 1935, London; British admiral. He entered the Royal Navy in 1872 and rose through the ranks to become commander of the fleet during World War I (1914–16). He won a crucial victory in the Battle of Jutland (1916), after which he was promoted to first sea lord of the Admiralty (1916–17) and admiral of the fleet (1919). He served as governor of New Zealand (1920–24). | |
51. born January 17, 1931, Arkabutla, Miss., United States U.S. actor. He studied acting in New York City and made his Broadway debut in 1957. He was praised for his performance in Othello (1964) and in roles with the New York Shakespeare Festival (1961–73). He starred as the black boxer in The Great White Hope (1969, Tony Award; film, 1970). After returning to Broadway in Paul Robeson (1978) and Fences (1985, Tony Award), he starred in the television series Paris (1979–80) and Gabriel's Fire (1990–91, Emmy Award). He has appeared in numerous films; his sonorous voice lent gravity to the character of Darth Vader in Star Wars (1977) and its sequels and to the Mufasa role in The Lion King (1994). | |
52. born March 4, 1875, Fót, Hung., Austria-Hungary; died March 20, 1955, Vence, France; Hungarian statesman. A member of one of the wealthiest families of the Hungarian aristocracy, he entered parliament in 1910 and tried to advance radical ideas in a conservative state, advocating universal suffrage, concessions to Hungary's non-Magyar subjects and a policy of friendship with states other than Germany. After World War I he served as prime minister in 1918–19 and he tried unsuccessfully to gain a favourable peace settlement from the Allies. After two months as president of the short-lived Hungarian republic in 1919, he resigned and was replaced by Kun Béla. He fled abroad, but he returned to Hungary in 1946 and served as ambassador to France (1947–49). | |
53. later count de L'Empire; born January 25, 1736, Turin, Sardinia-Piedmont; died April 10, 1813, Paris, France; Italian-born French mathematician who made important contributions to number theory and to classical and celestial mechanics. By age 25 he was recognized as one of the greatest living mathematicians because of his papers on wave propagation and maxima and minima of curves. His prodigious output included his textbook Mécanique analytique (1788), the basis for all later work in this field. His remarkable discoveries included the Lagrangian, a differential operator characterizing a system's physical state and the Lagrangian points, points in space where a small body in the gravitational fields of two large ones remains relatively stable. | |
54. Russian Lev Nikolayevich, Count Tolstoy; born September 9, 1828, Yasnaya Polyana, Tula province, Russian Empire; died November 20, 1910, Astapovo, Ryazan province; Russian writer, one of the world's greatest novelists. The scion of prominent aristocrats, Tolstoy spent much of his life at his family estate of Yasnaya Polyana. After a somewhat dissolute youth, he served in the army and traveled in Europe before returning home and starting a school for peasant children. He was already known as a brilliant writer for the short stories in Sevastopol Sketches (1855–56) and the novel The Cossacks (1863) when War and Peace (1865–69) established him as Russia's preeminent novelist. Set during the Napoleonic Wars, it examines the lives of a large group of characters, centring on the partly autobiographical figure of the spiritually questing Pierre. Its structure, with its flawless placement of complex characters in a turbulent historical setting, is regarded as one of the great technical achievements in the history of the Western novel. His other great novel, Anna Karenina (1875–77), focuses on an aristocratic woman who deserts her husband for a lover and on the search for meaning by another autobiographical character, Levin. After its publication Tolstoy underwent a spiritual crisis and turned to a form of Christian anarchism. Advocating simplicity and nonviolence, he devoted himself to social reform. His later works include The Death of Ivan Ilich (1886), often considered the greatest novella in Russian literature and What Is Art? (1898), which condemns fashionable aestheticism and celebrates art's moral and religious functions. He lived like a peasant on his great estate, practicing a radical asceticism. Finding his marriage unbearable, he departed suddenly for the local railway station, where he contracted a fatal pneumonia in the cold.; Leo Tolstoy. The Bettmann Archive | |
55. born January 1, 1826, Tiflis, Russia; died Dec. 24, 1888, Nice, France; Russian military officer and statesman. He commanded an army corps to notable victories in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, for which he was made a count. As governor-general of the central Russian provinces (1879), he recommended administrative and economic reforms to alleviate social discontent. Impressed, Alexander II appointed him minister of the interior (1880) and approved his efforts to liberalize the Russian autocracy, but the tsar was assassinated before the reforms were enacted. Loris-Melikov resigned when Alexander III rejected his reforms. | |
56. born January 1, 1826, Tiflis, Russia; died Dec. 24, 1888, Nice, France; Russian military officer and statesman. He commanded an army corps to notable victories in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, for which he was made a count. As governor-general of the central Russian provinces (1879), he recommended administrative and economic reforms to alleviate social discontent. Impressed, Alexander II appointed him minister of the interior (1880) and approved his efforts to liberalize the Russian autocracy, but the tsar was assassinated before the reforms were enacted. Loris-Melikov resigned when Alexander III rejected his reforms. | |
57. orig. Louis-Stanislas-Xavier, count de Provence; born November 17, 1755, Versailles, France; died September 16, 1824, Paris; King of France by title from 1795 and in fact from 1814 to 1824. He fled the country in 1791, during the French Revolution and issued counterrevolutionary manifestos and organized émigré-nobility associations. He became regent for his nephew Louis XVII after the 1793 execution of Louis XVI and at the dauphin's death in 1795 he proclaimed himself king. When the allied armies entered Paris in 1814, Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand negotiated the Bourbon Restoration and Louis was received with jubilation. He promised a constitutional monarchy and the Charter of 1814 was adopted; after the interruption of the Hundred Days, when Napoleon returned from Elba, he resumed his constitutional monarchy. The legislature included a strong right-wing majority and though Louis opposed the extremism of the ultras, they exercised increasing control and thwarted his attempts to heal the wounds left by the Revolution. He was succeeded at his death by his brother, Charles X. | |
58. later duke de Magenta; born July 13, 1808, Sully, France; died October 17, 1893, Loiret; French soldier and second president (1873–79) of the Third Republic. Descended from an Irish Jacobite family, he began his army career in 1827 and distinguished himself in the Crimean War and in the Italian campaign at the Battle of Magenta (1859), after which he was made a marshal of France and duke de Magenta. He was governor-general of Algeria (1864–70) and later a commander in the Franco-Prussian War. He was appointed head of the Versailles Army, which defeated the Paris Commune in 1871. He was elected president after the resignation of Adolphe Thiers. During his term the Constitutional Laws of 1875 were promulgated. Mac-Mahon resigned following a constitutional crisis that was resolved in favour of parliamentary control of the government. Thereafter in the Third Republic, the office of president became largely honorific. | |
59. born October 26, 1800, Parchim, Mecklenburg; died April 24, 1891, Berlin, Ger. Prussian general. He joined the Prussian army in 1822 and was appointed to its general staff in 1832. After a stint as adviser to the Turkish army (1835–39), he traveled widely and wrote several books on history and travel. In 1855 he served as personal aide to the Prussian prince Frederick William (later Frederick III), then was selected as chief of the Prussian general staff (1857–88). Highly intelligent and militarily creative, he reorganized the Prussian army and devised new strategic and tactical command methods for modern mass armies. He directed the strategies that produced victories in the Prussian and German wars against Denmark (1864), against Austria in the Seven Weeks' War (1866) and against France in the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71). He was created count in 1870 and field marshal in 1871. | |
60. born October 26, 1800, Parchim, Mecklenburg; died April 24, 1891, Berlin, Ger. Prussian general. He joined the Prussian army in 1822 and was appointed to its general staff in 1832. After a stint as adviser to the Turkish army (1835–39), he traveled widely and wrote several books on history and travel. In 1855 he served as personal aide to the Prussian prince Frederick William (later Frederick III), then was selected as chief of the Prussian general staff (1857–88). Highly intelligent and militarily creative, he reorganized the Prussian army and devised new strategic and tactical command methods for modern mass armies. He directed the strategies that produced victories in the Prussian and German wars against Denmark (1864), against Austria in the Seven Weeks' War (1866) and against France in the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71). He was created count in 1870 and field marshal in 1871. | |
61. born April 15, 1810, London, Eng. died March 13, 1870, Paris, France; French politician and historian. He began his political career as a journalist for several Catholic journals, became a leader of the liberal Roman Catholics in the July monarchy and was a member of the House of Peers (1835–48). A champion of civil and religious liberties, he opposed Napoleon III's policies after 1851. He wrote such historical works as The Catholic Interest in the 19th Century (1852), The Political Future of England (1856) and Monks of the West (1863–77). | |
62. orig. Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas, prince of Battenberg; born June 25, 1900, Frogmore House, Windsor, Eng. died August 27, 1979, Donegal Bay, off Mullaghmore, County Sligo, Ire. British statesman and naval commander. Son of Prince Louis of Battenberg and great-grandson of Queen Victoria, he entered the Royal Navy in 1913 and became an aide to the prince of Wales in 1921. In World War II he was allied commander for Southeast Asia (1943–46) and directed the recapture of Burma. Appointed viceroy of India (1947), he administered the transfer of power from Britain to the independent nations of India and Pakistan and served as the first governor-general of India (1947–48). He became first sea lord (1955–59) and chief of the United Kingdom Defense Staff (1959–65). In 1979, while on a sailing visit to Ireland, he was assassinated by Irish terrorists who planted a bomb on his boat. | |
63. born Dec. 13, 1780, Lisbon, Port. died March 23, 1862, St. Petersburg, Russia; Russian statesman. After serving in the Russian diplomatic service, he acted as minister of foreign affairs (1822–56) and as chancellor (1845–62). He sought to influence the Ottoman Empire with the Treaty of Hünkâr ‚skelesi (1833) and the Straits Convention (1841). He supported aid to Austria in suppressing the Hungarian uprising (1848). His policy of promoting Russia's influence in the Balkans helped precipitate the Crimean War. He negotiated the subsequent treaty at the Congress of Paris. | |
64. born Dec. 13, 1780, Lisbon, Port. died March 23, 1862, St. Petersburg, Russia; Russian statesman. After serving in the Russian diplomatic service, he acted as minister of foreign affairs (1822–56) and as chancellor (1845–62). He sought to influence the Ottoman Empire with the Treaty of Hünkâr ‚skelesi (1833) and the Straits Convention (1841). He supported aid to Austria in suppressing the Hungarian uprising (1848). His policy of promoting Russia's influence in the Balkans helped precipitate the Crimean War. He negotiated the subsequent treaty at the Congress of Paris. | |
65. born October 5, 1737, Lyutkino, Tver province, Russia; died January 5, 1808, Moscow; Russian military officer. He became an officer in the Russian guards and adviser to his brother Count Grigory G. Orlov, with whom he planned the overthrow of Peter III (1762) and the installation of Catherine II as empress. Promoted to major general, he was given command of the Russian fleet in the Russo-Turkish War. | |
66. born October 5, 1737, Lyutkino, Tver province, Russia; died January 5, 1808, Moscow; Russian military officer. He became an officer in the Russian guards and adviser to his brother Count Grigory G. Orlov, with whom he planned the overthrow of Peter III (1762) and the installation of Catherine II as empress. Promoted to major general, he was given command of the Russian fleet in the Russo-Turkish War. | |
67. born October 17, 1734, Lyutkino, Tver Province, Russia; died April 24, 1783, Neskuchnoye, near Moscow; Russian military officer and lover of Catherine II. An artillery officer, he fought in the Seven Years' War. While stationed in St. Petersburg, he met the grand duke Peter (later Peter III) and his wife, Catherine, whose lover Orlov became ƹ 1760. After Peter ascended the throne (1762), Orlov and his brother, Count Aleksey Orlov, planned the coup d'état that overthrew Peter and made Catherine empress of Russia. As Catherine's close adviser, he proposed agrarian reforms to help the serfs, but little was accomplished. He lost favour at court ƹ 1772. | |
68. born October 17, 1734, Lyutkino, Tver Province, Russia; died April 24, 1783, Neskuchnoye, near Moscow; Russian military officer and lover of Catherine II. An artillery officer, he fought in the Seven Years' War. While stationed in St. Petersburg, he met the grand duke Peter (later Peter III) and his wife, Catherine, whose lover Orlov became ƹ 1760. After Peter ascended the throne (1762), Orlov and his brother, Count Aleksey Orlov, planned the coup d'état that overthrew Peter and made Catherine empress of Russia. As Catherine's close adviser, he proposed agrarian reforms to help the serfs, but little was accomplished. He lost favour at court ƹ 1772. | |
69. born June 16, 1583, Fånö, near Uppsala, Swed. died August 28, 1654, Stockholm; Swedish statesman. Born into a noble family, he became a member of the council of state and in 1612 was appointed chancellor by Gustav II Adolf. He worked with the king to stabilize administrative reforms. As a diplomat, he negotiated peace treaties with Denmark (1613) and Poland (1622). In the Thirty Years' War, he was appointed governor-general of Prussia (1626) and military commander in Germany (1631). He directed Swedish policy in Germany until 1636, when he returned to Sweden. As a regent during Queen Christina's minority (1636–44), he effectively ruled the country. | |
70. orig. Earl Powell; born September 27, 1924, New York, New York, United States died August 1, 1966, New York City; United States jazz pianist and composer. Powell played in Cootie Williams's big band (1942–44) before becoming part of the burgeoning activity of bebop in the late 1940s. His style became the predominant approach for post-swing era pianists: he did away with most accepted functions of the left hand, reducing it to playing brief, syncopated chords supporting long melody lines by the right hand. He moved to Paris in 1959 and returned to the United States in 1964. His career was interrupted several times due to nervous breakdowns thought to derive from head injuries sustained in a racially motivated attack in 1945. | |
71. born November 2, 1766, Trebnice, Bohemia; died January 5, 1858, Milan; Austrian army officer. He fought with distinction against the French in the Napoleonic Wars. As army chief of staff, he attempted to modernize the Austrian army. As commander in chief of the Austrian army in northern Italy (1831–57), he suppressed the revolt in the Austrian-ruled provinces of Lombardy and Venetia in 1848. He served as governor-general of these provinces (1849–57). His status among conservatives as a national hero inspired Johann Strauss the Elder to compose the Radetzky March. | |
72. born March 10, 1928, Alton, Ill., United States died April 23, 1998, Nashville, Tenn. Assassin of Martin Luther King, Jr. Ray was a petty criminal who had been sentenced several times to prison; he escaped from the Missouri state prison in 1967. In Memphis, Tenn., on April 4, 1968, he shot King from the window of a rooming house as King emerged from his motel room across the street. Ray fled to Toronto, London, Lisbon and back to London, where he was arrested on June 8. In Memphis he pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 99 years in prison. Months later, he recanted his confession, without effect. Later in life, his unsuccessful pleas to have his case reopened were supported by some civil rights leaders, notably the King family. | |
73. born April 30, 1803, Pleushagen, near Kolberg, Pomerania; died February 23, 1879, Berlin, Ger. Prussian army officer. He aided Prince William (later Emperor William I) in suppressing the insurrection in Baden (1848). As minister of war (1859–73), he improved the Prussian army by requiring universal military service and a permanent reserve. His reforms contributed to the army's decisive victories in the Seven Weeks' War (1866) and the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71), which helped make Germany the leading power on the European continent. | |
74. born August 18, 1792, London, Eng. died May 28, 1878, Pembroke Lodge, Richmond Park, Surrey; British politician and prime minister (1846–52, 1865–66). A member of the prominent Russell family, he entered Parliament in 1813. He was a strong advocate of reform and made it a cause of the Whig Party, leading the effort to pass the Reform Bill of 1832. He served in Viscount Melbourne's government as home secretary (1835), reducing the number of crimes liable to capital punishment and beginning state support of public education. In the 1840s he advocated free trade and forced Robert Peel out of office. Russell became prime minister in 1846 and established the 10-hour day in factories (1847) and a board of public health (1848), but party disunity defeated his attempts at wider social and economic reform. | |
75. born May 18, 1872, Trelleck, Monmouthshire, Eng. died February 2, 1970, near Penrhyndeudraeth, Merioneth, Wales; British logician and philosopher. He is best known for his work in mathematical logic and for his advocacy on behalf of a variety of social and political causes, especially pacifism and nuclear disarmament. He was born into the British nobility as the grandson of Earl Russell, who was twice prime minister of Britain in the mid-19th century. He studied mathematics and philosophy at Cambridge University, where he came under the influence of the idealist philosopher J.M.E. McTaggart, though he soon rejected idealism in favour of an extreme Platonic realism. In an early paper, 'On Denoting' (1905), he solved a notorious puzzle in the philosophy of language by showing how phrases such as 'The present king of France,' which have no referents, function logically as general statements rather than as proper names. Russell later regarded this discovery, which came to be known as the 'theory of descriptions,' as one of his most important contributions to philosophy. In The Principles of Mathematics (1903) and the epochal Principia Mathematica (3 vol., 1910–13), which he wrote with Alfred North Whitehead, he sought to demonstrate that the whole of mathematics derives from logic. For his pacifism in World War I he lost his lectureship at Cambridge and was later imprisoned. (He would abandon pacifism in 1939 in the face of Nazi aggression.) Russell's best-developed metaphysical doctrine, logical atomism, strongly influenced the school of logical positivism. His later philosophical works include The Analysis of Mind (1921), The Analysis of Matter (1927) and Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits (1948). His A History of Western Philosophy (1945), which he wrote for a popular audience, became a best-seller and was for many years the main source of his income. Among his many works on social and political topics are Roads to Freedom (1918); The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism (1920), a scathing critique of Soviet communism; On Education (1926); and Marriage and Morals (1929). In part because of the controversial views he espoused in the latter work, he was prevented from accepting a teaching position at the City College of New York in 1940. After World War II he became a leader in the worldwide campaign for nuclear disarmament, serving as first president of the international Pugwash Conferences on nuclear weapons and world security and of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. In 1961, at the age of 89, he was imprisoned for a second time for inciting civil disobedience. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1950.; Bertrand Russell, 1960; By courtesy of the British Broadcasting Corporation, London | |
76. born October 28, 1696, Goslar, Saxony; died November 30, 1750, Chambord, France; German-born French general. The illegitimate son of Frederick Augustus I of Saxony, he served under Eugene of Savoy in Flanders and was made count of Saxony (Saxe) in 1711. He commanded a German regiment in the French service (1719) and made innovations in military training, especially in musketry. He served with distinction in the French army against his half brother Augustus III in the War of the Polish Succession and was made a general (1734). He successfully led French forces in the War of the Austrian Succession, capturing Prague (1741) and invading the Austrian Netherlands. There he won the Battle of Fontenoy (1745) and captured Brussels and Antwerp (1746). Appointed marshal general of France by Louis XV, Saxe led the successful invasion of Holland in 1747. | |
77. born October 28, 1696, Goslar, Saxony; died November 30, 1750, Chambord, France; German-born French general. The illegitimate son of Frederick Augustus I of Saxony, he served under Eugene of Savoy in Flanders and was made count of Saxony (Saxe) in 1711. He commanded a German regiment in the French service (1719) and made innovations in military training, especially in musketry. He served with distinction in the French army against his half brother Augustus III in the War of the Polish Succession and was made a general (1734). He successfully led French forces in the War of the Austrian Succession, capturing Prague (1741) and invading the Austrian Netherlands. There he won the Battle of Fontenoy (1745) and captured Brussels and Antwerp (1746). Appointed marshal general of France by Louis XV, Saxe led the successful invasion of Holland in 1747. | |
78. born September 25, 1873, Montignoso di Lunigiana, Italy; died September 4, 1952, Rome; Italian diplomat. He entered the diplomatic service in 1896 and served in embassies worldwide. He served as minister for foreign affairs (1920–21) and as Italy's ambassador to France (1922), but he resigned after refusing to serve under Benito Mussolini. A strong antifascist, he lived in voluntary exile in Belgium until 1939 and in the United States (1940–43). He returned to Italy after World War II to serve in various government posts, including minister of foreign affairs (1947–51). | |
79. born January 12, 1772, Cherkutino, Russia; died February 23, 1839, St. Petersburg; Russian politician. After teaching at the seminary in St. Petersburg, he entered government service. He served as an assistant to Tsar Alexander I (1807–12), but his proposed financial and administrative reforms angered the nobles, who had him exiled (1812–16). He returned to government service, serving as governor-general of Siberia (1819–21). A member of the state council from 1821 under Nicholas I, he compiled the first complete collection of Russian law (1830). He was given the title of count in 1839. | |
80. born January 12, 1772, Cherkutino, Russia; died February 23, 1839, St. Petersburg; Russian politician. After teaching at the seminary in St. Petersburg, he entered government service. He served as an assistant to Tsar Alexander I (1807–12), but his proposed financial and administrative reforms angered the nobles, who had him exiled (1812–16). He returned to government service, serving as governor-general of Siberia (1819–21). A member of the state council from 1821 under Nicholas I, he compiled the first complete collection of Russian law (1830). He was given the title of count in 1839. | |
81. born August 3, 1753, London, Eng. died Dec. 15, 1816, Chevening, Kent; English politician and inventor. A member of the House of Commons (1780–86), where he was known as Lord Mahon until inheriting his father's title, he became chairman of the Revolution Society and favoured parliamentary reform. He sympathized with the French republicans and opposed Britain's war with Revolutionary France. He was also an experimental scientist and invented calculating machines, a printing press and a microscope lens named for him, a stereotyping machine and a steam carriage. | |
82. born 1673, Paris, France; died February 5, 1721, London, Eng. English soldier and statesman. He began a military career in 1691 and rose rapidly to become commander in chief of the English army in Spain in 1708 in the War of the Spanish Succession. He was defeated and captured by the French (1710), then returned to England (1712) and regained his seat in the House of Commons (1701–21). He served in the Whig government as secretary of state and negotiated the Quadruple Alliance against Spain (1718). Stanhope served as first lord of the treasury (1717–18), but his ministry was discredited by the South Sea Bubble scandal. | |
83. born November 24, 1729, Moscow, Russia; died May 18, 1800, St. Petersburg; Russian army commander. Joining the army at age 15, he became an officer in 1754 and served in the Seven Years' War. He wrote a battle-training manual that helped Russia win the Russo-Polish conflict (1768–72) and a conflict with the Turks in 1773–74. He led the army in the Russo-Turkish War and was created a count. After crushing a revolt in Poland in 1794, he was promoted to field marshal. He commanded a Russo-Austrian force in Italy in 1799 and captured Milan, expelling most of the French army from Italy. Ordered to relieve a Russian force in Switzerland, he marched across the Alps; surrounded by a larger French force, he succeeded in breaking out and, repulsing the pursuing French, escaped with most of his army, a remarkable feat. | |
84. born November 24, 1729, Moscow, Russia; died May 18, 1800, St. Petersburg; Russian army commander. Joining the army at age 15, he became an officer in 1754 and served in the Seven Years' War. He wrote a battle-training manual that helped Russia win the Russo-Polish conflict (1768–72) and a conflict with the Turks in 1773–74. He led the army in the Russo-Turkish War and was created a count. After crushing a revolt in Poland in 1794, he was promoted to field marshal. He commanded a Russo-Austrian force in Italy in 1799 and captured Milan, expelling most of the French army from Italy. Ordered to relieve a Russian force in Switzerland, he marched across the Alps; surrounded by a larger French force, he succeeded in breaking out and, repulsing the pursuing French, escaped with most of his army, a remarkable feat. | |
85. born September 21, 1791, Vienna, Austrian Empire; died April 8, 1860, Döbling, near Vienna; Hungarian reformer and writer. Born to an aristocratic Hungarian family, he fought against Napoleon and then traveled extensively in Europe. He returned to Budapest to found the Hungarian National Academy of Sciences (1825) and wrote several works that called for economic reforms and urged the nobility to pay taxes to modernize Hungary. He led projects that improved roads, made the Danube River navigable to the Black Sea and built the first suspension bridge at Budapest. In the 1840s he lost his following to the more radical Kossuth Lajos. Entering the cabinet in 1848, Széchenyi lost his sanity when conflict with Vienna erupted; he was removed to an asylum near Vienna and later committed suicide. | |
86. born February 24, 1833, Vienna, Austria; died November 29, 1895, Ellischau, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary; Austrian politician and prime minister (1868–70, 1879–93). A boyhood friend of the future emperor Francis Joseph, he entered the civil service in 1852 and rose rapidly, serving as governor of upper Austria, minister of the interior (1867, 1870–71, 1879), governor of Tirol (1871–79) and prime minister. In his second term as premier, he forged a conservative coalition that restored a degree of order among the Austrian Empire's quarreling nationalities by granting concessions to the Polish and Czech nationalists and bringing them into the Habsburg civil service. | |
87. born November 1, 1879, Budapest, Hung., Austria-Hungary; died April 3, 1941, Budapest; Hungarian politician. An eminent geographer, he was a member of the Hungarian Parliament from 1905 and a delegate to the Paris Peace Conference (1919) after World War I. In 1921, however, he withdrew from party politics. He then taught at Budapest University before returning to office as minister of education (1938–39) and premier (1939–41). Hoping to use Germany's power to win back territories lost through the Treaty of Trianon (1920), he initially cooperated with Adolf Hitler. In 1941, caught between German demands for support after it invaded Yugoslavia (with whom Hungary had signed a friendship treaty in 1940) and British threats against helping Germany, he committed suicide. | |
88. born February 1559, Tilly, Brabant, Spanish Netherlands; died April 30, 1632, Ingolstadt, Bavaria; Bavarian general in the Thirty Years' War. He gained military experience in the Spanish Army of Flanders fighting under Alessandro Farnese (1585) against the Dutch and in 1594 joined the emperor Rudolf II's army against the Turks. Appointed by Maximilian I of Bavaria to reorganize the Bavarian army (1610), Tilly created an efficient force that became the spearhead of the Catholic League in the Thirty Years' War. He led the League's forces to victories in the Battle of White Mountain (1620) and at Lutter (1626). In 1630 he added the imperial forces to his command. In 1631 he besieged the Protestant city of Magdeburg, but its destruction proved disastrous for him. Failing to stop the Swedish advance into Germany, he was defeated at Breitenfeld (1631) and was fatally wounded in a later battle. | |
89. born April 22, 1861, Budapest, Hung., Austrian Empire; died October 31, 1918, Budapest; Hungarian politician. He entered the Hungarian parliament in 1886 and joined his father, Tisza Kálmán, as a leader of the Liberal Party. A defender of the Austro-Hungarian dualist system of government and of Hungary's landed interests, he served as prime minister (1903–05, 1913–17). He opposed voting franchise reform and resigned over the king's 1917 decree for such reform. A supporter of the alliance with Germany in World War I, he was held responsible for his country's suffering and was assassinated by Magyar leftists. | |
90. born September 5, 1817, St. Petersburg, Russia; died October 10, 1875, Krasny Rog; Russian poet, novelist and dramatist. A distant relative of Leo Tolstoy, he held various court posts. In the 1850s he began to publish comic verse, often satirizing government bureaucracy. Among his popular historical novels is Prince Serebrenni (1862). His dramatic trilogy about the 16th and 17th centuries; The Death of Ivan the Terrible (1866), Tsar Feodor Ioannovich (1868) and Tsar Boris (1870); is written in blank verse and contains some of Russia's best historical dramatic writing. His lyric poetry includes many love and nature poems, as well as Ioann Damaskin (1859), a paraphrase of St. John of Damascus's prayer for the dead. | |
91. born January 10, 1883, Nikolayevsk, Russia; died February 23, 1945, Moscow; Russian writer. Distantly related to the great novelist Leo Tolstoy, he supported the anti-Bolshevik White Army in the Russian Civil War, then emigrated to western Europe, where he wrote one of his finest works, the nostalgic, partly autobiographical Nikita's Childhood (1921). In 1923 he returned to Russia as a supporter of the Soviet regime. He wrote many works that are purely entertaining and, in wartime, patriotic articles. He won three Stalin Prizes, for the novel trilogy The Road to Calvary (1920–41), the novel Peter the First (1929–45) and the play Ivan the Terrible (1943). | |
92. born September 5, 1817, St. Petersburg, Russia; died October 10, 1875, Krasny Rog; Russian poet, novelist and dramatist. A distant relative of Leo Tolstoy, he held various court posts. In the 1850s he began to publish comic verse, often satirizing government bureaucracy. Among his popular historical novels is Prince Serebrenni (1862). His dramatic trilogy about the 16th and 17th centuries; The Death of Ivan the Terrible (1866), Tsar Feodor Ioannovich (1868) and Tsar Boris (1870); is written in blank verse and contains some of Russia's best historical dramatic writing. His lyric poetry includes many love and nature poems, as well as Ioann Damaskin (1859), a paraphrase of St. John of Damascus's prayer for the dead. | |
93. born January 10, 1883, Nikolayevsk, Russia; died February 23, 1945, Moscow; Russian writer. Distantly related to the great novelist Leo Tolstoy, he supported the anti-Bolshevik White Army in the Russian Civil War, then emigrated to western Europe, where he wrote one of his finest works, the nostalgic, partly autobiographical Nikita's Childhood (1921). In 1923 he returned to Russia as a supporter of the Soviet regime. He wrote many works that are purely entertaining and, in wartime, patriotic articles. He won three Stalin Prizes, for the novel trilogy The Road to Calvary (1920–41), the novel Peter the First (1929–45) and the play Ivan the Terrible (1943). | |
94. born September 5, 1786, Moscow, Russia; died September 16, 1855, Moscow; Russian administrator. Uvarov served as a diplomat (1806–10), head of the St. Petersburg educational district (1811–22) and deputy minister of education (1832) before being named minister of education in 1833 under Tsar Nicholas I. In an influential report, Uvarov declared that education must adhere to the 'principles of orthodoxy, autocracy and nationality,' which was adopted as an ideology rooted in loyalty to dynastic rule, traditional religious faith and glorification of the Russian homeland. Uvarov was also president of the Academy of Science from 1818 until his death. | |
95. born September 5, 1786, Moscow, Russia; died September 16, 1855, Moscow; Russian administrator. Uvarov served as a diplomat (1806–10), head of the St. Petersburg educational district (1811–22) and deputy minister of education (1832) before being named minister of education in 1833 under Tsar Nicholas I. In an influential report, Uvarov declared that education must adhere to the 'principles of orthodoxy, autocracy and nationality,' which was adopted as an ideology rooted in loyalty to dynastic rule, traditional religious faith and glorification of the Russian homeland. Uvarov was also president of the Academy of Science from 1818 until his death. | |
96. born Dec. 28, 1719, Dijon, France; died February 13, 1787, Versailles; French statesman. As ambassador to Ottoman Turkey (1754–68), he ably defended French policies during the Seven Years' War. As Louis XVI's minister of foreign affairs (1774–87), he advocated French financial and military support for the colonists in the American Revolution, concluded an alliance with them (1778) and helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris (1783). He also worked to establish a stable balance of power in Europe by mediating the peace in the War of the Bavarian Succession. | |
97. born March 27, 1797, Loches, France; died September 17, 1863, Paris; French poet, dramatist and novelist. Vigny embarked on a military career but turned to writing Romantic poetry; his verse was critically and popularly acclaimed. His Cinq-Mars (1826) was the first important historical novel in French. Growing disillusioned, he wrote Stello (1832), on the advisability of separating the poetic life from the political. Chatterton (1835), his best play and one of the finest Romantic dramas, glorifies the anguish of the misunderstood artist. His pessimism was manifest also in The Military Necessity (1835), whose first and third stories are his prose masterpieces. In middle age he withdrew from Paris society. His later writings include poetry collected posthumously in Les Destinées (1864). | |
98. born March 19, 1891, Los Angeles, Calif., United States died July 9, 1974, Washington, D.C. United States jurist and politician. He graduated from law school at the University of California, then served as a county district attorney (1925–39), state attorney general (1939–43) and governor of the state for three terms (1943–53). He was criticized for interning Japanese citizens in camps during World War II. His only electoral defeat came in 1948, when he ran for vice president on the Republican ticket with Thomas Dewey. In 1953 Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Warren chief justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, a post he held until 1969. This was a period of sweeping changes in United States constitutional law. Under his leadership the court proved to be strongly liberal. Among Warren's notable opinions are those in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which held that segration in public education was unconstitutional; Reynolds v. Sims (1964), which declared the 'one man, one vote' principle requiring state legislative reapportionment (1964); and Miranda v. Arizona (1966), which held that police must inform an arrestee of his right to remain silent and to have counsel present (appointed for him if he is indigent) and that a confession obtained in defiance of these requirements is inadmissible in court. After the assassination of Pres. John F. Kennedy, he chaired the Warren Commission.; Earl Warren, 1953. UPI; EB Inc. | |
99. born May 5, 1883, Colchester, Essex, Eng. died May 24, 1950, London; British army officer. Recognized as an excellent trainer of troops, he became British commander in chief for the Middle East in 1939. In World War II he was noted for his defeat of the numerically superior Italian armies in North Africa (1940–41) but was unable to stop the German force under Erwin Rommel in the North Africa Campaign. As commander in chief of Southeast Asia (1941–43), he failed to stop the Japanese conquests of Malaya, Singapore and Burma (1942). Promoted to field marshal, he served as viceroy of India (1943–47). | |
100. born June 29, 1849, Tiflis, Georgia, Russian Empire; died March 13, 1915, Petrograd, Russia; Russian statesman and premier (1905–06). He entered the imperial administrative service in 1871 and served as minister of finance (1892–1903). He improved communications, promoted construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway and planned to modernize the Russian Empire. He represented Russia in the negotiations that ended the Russo-Japanese War. Although opposed to constitutionalism, he persuaded Tsar Nicholas II to issue the October Manifesto in 1905 and was appointed the first constitutional premier. He organized the repression of all the forces of disruption in 1905–06; e.g., the St. Petersburg Soviet, or workers' council, the troop mutinies in the Far East, strikes in South Russia and peasant uprisings in the Baltic provinces; and he concluded arrangements with European bankers for a series of loans that restored Russian finances. In 1906 the tsar, favouring a more conservative regime, replaced him with Pyotr Stolypin. He never returned to office and in 1914–15 he vainly opposed Russian entry into World War I and was sympathetic to peace feelers put out by the German government through Witte's own German banker. | |
101. born June 29, 1849, Tiflis, Georgia, Russian Empire; died March 13, 1915, Petrograd, Russia; Russian statesman and premier (1905–06). He entered the imperial administrative service in 1871 and served as minister of finance (1892–1903). He improved communications, promoted construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway and planned to modernize the Russian Empire. He represented Russia in the negotiations that ended the Russo-Japanese War. Although opposed to constitutionalism, he persuaded Tsar Nicholas II to issue the October Manifesto in 1905 and was appointed the first constitutional premier. He organized the repression of all the forces of disruption in 1905–06; e.g., the St. Petersburg Soviet, or workers' council, the troop mutinies in the Far East, strikes in South Russia and peasant uprisings in the Baltic provinces; and he concluded arrangements with European bankers for a series of loans that restored Russian finances. In 1906 the tsar, favouring a more conservative regime, replaced him with Pyotr Stolypin. He never returned to office and in 1914–15 he vainly opposed Russian entry into World War I and was sympathetic to peace feelers put out by the German government through Witte's own German banker. | |
102. born September 26, 1759, Potsdam, Prussia; died October 4, 1830, Klein-�D6;ls, Silesia; Prussian army commander. After serving with the Prussian army (1772–79) and Dutch army (1779–87), he rejoined the Prussian army and fought in Poland (1794) and later in the war against France (1806). Promoted to major general, he helped reorganize the army, developing the tactics of the infantry scout and the line of skirmishes. In 1812 he led the Prussian contingent of Napoleon's invading army into Russia. During the French retreat, he concluded an accord with Russia that opened the way for Prussia to join the Allied powers against Napoleon. He was made a count in 1814 and a field marshal in 1821. | |
103. earl; European title of nobility, ranking in modern times directly below a marquess or (in countries without marquesses) a duke. In England the title of earl is the equivalent of count and ranks above a viscount. The wife of a count or earl is a countess. The Roman comes ('count') was originally a household companion of the emperor; under the Franks he was a local commander and judge. The counts were later incorporated into the feudal structure, some becoming subordinate to dukes, though a few countships were as great as duchies. As royal authority was reasserted over the feudatories, which took place at different times in the different kingdoms, the counts lost their political authority, though they retained their privileges as members of the nobility. | |
104. Aehrenthal Aloys Count Lexa von | |
105. Alfieri Vittorio Count | |
106. Amadeus the Green Count | |
107. Andrássy Gyula Count | |
108. Arakcheyev Aleksey Andreyevich Count | |
109. Basie Count | |
110. Berchtold Leopold count von | |
111. Bernadotte af Wisborg Folke Count | |
112. Bernstorff Johann Heinrich count von | |
113. Beust Friedrich Ferdinand count von | |
114. Caprivi Georg Leo count von | |
115. Cavour Camillo Benso count di | |
116. Chambord Henri Dieudonné d'Artois count de | |
117. Ciano Galeazzo count di Cortellazzo | |
118. Conrad von Hötzendorf Franz Xaver Josef Count | |
119. Frontenac Louis de Buade count de Palluau and de | |
120. Gama Vasco da 1st count da Vidigueira | |
121. Gneisenau August Wilhelm Anton Count Neidhardt von | |
122. Gobineau Joseph Arthur count de | |
123. Grandi Dino count di Mordano | |
124. Ignatyev Nikolay Pavlovich Count | |
125. Izvolsky Aleksandr Petrovich Count | |
126. Károlyi Mihály Count | |
127. count de L'Empire | |
128. Bruno count von Egisheim und Dagsburg | |
129. Loris Melikov Mikhail Tariyelovich Count | |
130. Louis Stanislas Xavier count de Provence | |
131. Moltke Helmuth Karl Bernhard count von | |
132. Montalembert Charles Forbes René count de | |
133. Nesselrode Karl Robert Vasilyevich Count | |
134. Orlov Aleksey Grigoryevich Count | |
135. Orlov Grigory Grigoryevich Count | |
136. Oxenstierna af Södermöre Axel Gustafsson Count | |
137. Pico della Mirandola Giovanni conte count di Concordia | |
138. Radetzky Joseph Count | |
139. Rochambeau Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur count de | |
140. Roon Albrecht Theodor Emil count von | |
141. Donatien Alphonse François count de Sade | |
142. Saxe Hermann Maurice count de | |
143. Sforza Carlo Count | |
144. Speransky Mikhail Mikhaylovich Count | |
145. Suvorov Aleksandr Vasilyevich Count | |
146. Széchenyi István Count | |
147. Taaffe Eduard count von | |
148. Teleki Pál Count | |
149. Tilly Johann Tserclaes count von | |
150. Tisza István Count | |
151. Tolstoy Aleksey Konstantinovich Count | |
152. Tolstoy Aleksey Nikolayevich Count | |
153. Lev Nikolayevich Count Tolstoy | |
154. Uvarov Sergey Semyonovich Count | |
155. Vergennes Charles Gravier count de | |
156. Vigny Alfred Victor count de | |
157. Count of Valor | |
158. Don Luchino Visconti count di Modrone | |
159. Witte Sergey Yulyevich Count | |
160. Yorck von Wartenburg Johann David Ludwig Count | |
161. Mac Mahon Marie Edme Patrice Maurice count de | |
162. Maurits prince van Oranje count van Nassau | |
163. Mirabeau Honoré Gabriel Riqueti count de | |
164. Aberdeen George Hamilton Gordon 4th earl of | |
165. Alexander Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander 1st Earl | |
166. Asquith Herbert Henry 1st earl of Oxford and Asquith | |
167. Attlee Clement Richard 1st Earl Attlee of Walthamstow | |
168. Baldwin of Bewdley Stanley Baldwin 1st Earl | |
169. Balfour of Whittingehame Arthur James 1st Earl | |
170. Birkenhead Frederick Edwin Smith 1st earl of | |
171. James Earl Breslin | |
172. Browder Earl Russell | |
173. Burger Warren Earl | |
174. Bute John Stuart 3rd earl of | |
175. Cadogan William 1st Earl | |
176. Cardigan James Thomas Brudenell 7th earl of | |
177. James Earl Carter | |
178. Cecil Robert 1st earl of Salisbury | |
179. Clarendon Edward Hyde 1st earl of | |
180. Clarendon George William Frederick Villiers 4th earl of | |
181. Cornwallis Charles Cornwallis 1st Marquess and 2nd Earl | |
182. Cromer Evelyn Baring 1st earl of | |
183. Cromwell Thomas earl of Essex | |
184. Derby Edward George Geoffrey Smith Stanley 14th earl of | |
185. Disraeli Benjamin earl of Beaconsfield | |
186. Dodge William Earl | |
187. Dongan Thomas 2nd earl of Limerick | |
188. Durham John George Lambton 1st earl of | |
189. Eden Robert Anthony 1st earl of Avon | |
190. Elgin James Bruce 8th earl of | |
191. Essex Robert Devereux 2nd earl of | |
192. Essex Robert Devereux 3rd earl of | |
193. Essex Walter Devereux 1st earl of | |
194. French John Denton Pinkstone 1st earl of Ypres | |
195. Grey Charles Grey 2nd Earl | |
196. Haig Douglas 1st Earl | |
197. Halifax Edward Frederick Lindley Wood 1st earl of | |
198. Harley Robert 1st earl of Oxford | |
199. Henry Tudor earl of Richmond | |
200. Hines Earl Kenneth | |
201. Howe Richard Howe Earl | |
202. Jellicoe John Rushworth Jellicoe 1st Earl | |
203. Jones James Earl | |
204. Leicester Robert Dudley earl of | |
205. Liverpool Robert Banks Jenkinson 2nd earl of | |
206. Lloyd George of Dwyfor David Lloyd George Earl | |
207. Mansfield William Murray 1st earl of | |
208. Earl of Leicester | |
209. Montrose James Graham 5th earl and 1st marquess of | |
210. Morton James Douglas 4th earl of | |
211. earl of Guilford | |
212. Northampton Henry Howard earl of | |
213. Earl of Kent | |
214. Ormonde James Butler 12th earl and 1st duke of | |
215. Oxford Edward de Vere 17th earl of | |
216. 1st earl of Chatham | |
217. Earl Powell | |
218. Ray James Earl | |
219. John Stewart earl of Carrick | |
220. Rochester John Wilmot 2nd earl of | |
221. Rosse William Parsons 3rd earl of | |
222. Russell Bertrand Arthur William 3rd Earl Russell | |
223. Russell of Kingston Russell John Russell 1st Earl | |
224. Sackville Thomas 1st earl of Dorset | |
225. Sandwich John Montagu 4th earl of | |
226. Shaftesbury Anthony Ashley Cooper 1st earl of | |
227. Shaftesbury Anthony Ashley Cooper 3rd earl of | |
228. Shaftesbury Anthony Ashley Cooper 7th earl of | |
229. Shrewsbury Charles Talbot duke and 12th earl of | |
230. Southampton Thomas Wriothesley 1st earl of | |
231. Southampton Henry Wriothesley 3rd earl of | |
232. Stanhope James Stanhope 1st Earl | |
233. Stanhope Charles Stanhope 3rd Earl | |
234. Stirling William Alexander 1st earl of | |
235. Strafford Thomas Wentworth 1st earl of | |
236. Suffolk Thomas Howard 1st earl of | |
237. Sunderland Robert Spencer 2nd earl of | |
238. Surrey Henry Howard earl of | |
239. Tyrone Hugh O'Neill 2nd earl of | |
240. Walpole Horace 4th earl of Orford | |
241. Walpole Robert 1st earl of Orford | |
242. Warren Earl | |
243. Warwick Earl of | |
244. Bulwer Lytton Edward George Earl | |
245. Earl Kitchener of Khartoum and of Broome | |
246. Maurice Harold Macmillan 1st earl of Stockton Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden | |
247. Mountbatten of Burma Louis Mountbatten 1st Earl | |
248. Rosebery Archibald Philip Primrose 5th earl of | |
249. Wavell of Eritrea and of Winchester Archibald Percival Wavell 1st Earl; | |
250. English earl, feminine countess a European title of nobility, ranking in modern times after a marquess or a duke (in countries without marquesses). The Roman comes was originally a household companion of the emperor; under the Franks he was a local commander and judge. The counts were later slowly incorporated into the feudal structure, some becoming subordinate to dukes, although a few countships, such as those of Flanders, Toulouse and Barcelona, were as great as duchies. The reassertion of royal authority over the feudatories, which took place at different times in the different kingdoms and led to the formation of centralized states of the modern type, meant that the counts as such lost their political authority, though they retained their privileges as members of the nobility. | |
251.C R I M E (n) a particular crime which a person is accused of The prisoner was found guilty on two counts of murder. | |
252.I The number of PICKS and WARP ENDS per inch in cloth. (II) A number assigned to YARN to describe its fineness. The number is based upon number of hanks per pound of YARN. | |
253.dance A call used to count the rhythm of foot movements and weight changes, or to count the beats of music |
Silahkan menilai definisi 'count' yang merupakan yang paling berguna untuk Anda.
Kami telah menemukan berikut indonesia kata-kata dan terjemahan untuk 'count':
Inggris | Indonesia | |
---|---|---|
1. | count (kata benda) Sinonim: calculus, sum, tally | hitungan(kata benda) |
2. | count (kata benda) Sinonim: charge, impeachment, accusation, arraignment | tuduhan(kata benda) |
3. | count (kata benda) Sinonim: earl | pangeran(kata benda) |
4. | count (kata benda) Sinonim: figure, aggregate, amount, sum | jumlah(kata benda) |
Jadi, ini adalah bagaimana Anda dapat mengatakan 'count' dalam indonesia.
Konjugasi kata kerja 'count':
present I count
you count
he/she/it counts
we count
you count
they count
you count
he/she/it counts
we count
you count
they count
simple past I counted
you counted
he/she/it counted
we counted
you counted
they counted
you counted
he/she/it counted
we counted
you counted
they counted
Terjemahan Bahasa Inggris Ke Indonesia Maupun Sebaliknya
present perfect I have counted
you have counted
he/she/it has counted
we have counted
you have counted
they have counted
you have counted
he/she/it has counted
we have counted
you have counted
they have counted
past continuous I was counting
you were counting
he/she/it was counting
we were counting
you were counting
they were counting
you were counting
he/she/it was counting
we were counting
you were counting
they were counting
future I shall count
you will count
he/she/it will count
we shall count
you will count
they will count
you will count
he/she/it will count
we shall count
you will count
they will count
Terjemahan Bahasa Inggris Ke Indonesia Pdf
continuous present I am counting
you are counting
he/she/it is counting
we are counting
you are counting
they are counting
you are counting
he/she/it is counting
we are counting
you are counting
they are counting
subjunctive I be counted
you be counted
he/she/it be counted
we be counted
you be counted
they be counted
you be counted
he/she/it be counted
we be counted
you be counted
they be counted
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